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PSYCHIATRIC SCIENCE

Understanding the Brain and Its Role in Mental Health

The brain is the control center of who we are—every thought, feeling, and action originates here. From processing sensory information to making complex decisions, our brain’s health and function play a vital role in our mental and emotional well-being.

This page explores the key structures of the brain, including neurons, synapses, the cerebral cortex, and a crucial region called the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)—an area that plays a significant role in executive function, decision-making, and mood regulation.

"The Synapse Revealed", First Prize National Science Foundation Science Visualization Challenge (Graham Johnson 2005) permission pending

The Building Blocks of the Brain

Neurons

The human brain contains approximately 86 billion neurons, each utilizing energy to process information related to our perceptions, sensations, emotions, and thoughts. These neurons vary in shape and size, reflecting their diverse functions and locations within the brain.

Synapses

Neurons communicate through specialized connections called synapses, where the terminal end of one neuron meets the beginning of another. This communication involves:

1. Action Potential: An electrical signal travels down the neuron.

2. Neurotransmitter Release: At the neuron’s terminal button, this electrical change prompts channels to allow calcium into the cell, leading to the release of neurotransmitters (chemical signals).

3. Signal Transmission: These neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft (the small gap between neurons) and bind to receptors on the adjacent neuron, inducing either excitatory or inhibitory electrical changes.

Disruptions in synaptic activity can lead to decreased brain function efficiency, manifesting in various symptoms depending on the affected brain region.

The Brain’s Outer Layer

The Cerebral Cortex

Comprising 80% of the brain’s cells, the cerebral cortex is the large, wrinkled structure occupying most of the skull’s space. It’s divided into four primary lobes:

• Occipital Lobe: Vision processing.

• Parietal Lobe: Sensation and spatial perception.

• Temporal Lobe: Hearing, understanding, identification, and naming.

• Frontal Lobe: Movement, expression, planning, personality, self-control, and executive function.

1) Occipital Lobe (vision), 2) Parietal Lobe (sensation & spacial perception) 3) Temporal Lobe (Hearing, Understanding, Identification & Naming) 4) Frontal Lobe (Movement, Expression, Planning, Personality, Self Control & Executive Function).

Your Brain’s Control Panel

The Frontal Lobe

The largest lobe of the cerebral cortex is the Frontal Lobe. It is the part of the brain that controls Attention, Movement, Personality & Thinking (along with other parts of the frontal circuits).

People who have had strokes in the Left Frontal Lobe often experience Depression 60-80%) (Robinson 1997). People who have had strokes in the Right Frontal Lobe rarely experience Depression (2-5%) (Robinson 1997). People who are depressed, often have lower frontal lobe activity. Without good frontal lobe function, people have difficulty with (working) memory, getting things organized, starting activities, paying attention, seeing the “big picture” and connecting with others in a socially appropriate way.
Brain Region Brodmann Areas Function
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) BA 9, 46 Executive function, self-control, working memory
Frontal Pole BA 10 Higher reasoning, future planning, narrative thinking
Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) BA 24, 32 Emotion, motivation, pain processing, self-monitoring
Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC) BA 11 Reward and punishment processing, decision-making
Subgenual Cortex BA 25 Sleep, appetite, mood regulation (overactive in depression)
Broca’s Area BA 44, 45 Expressive language and speech production
🧠 DLPFC (Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex)
  • Controls attention, planning, and inhibition.
  • Underactive in depression; stimulation can lead to better focus, emotional regulation, and self-control.

🧠 Frontal Pole (BA10)
  • Supports complex decision-making and long-term planning.
  • Helps you see things in context, tell coherent stories, and imagine future consequences.

🧠 Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)
  • Integrates emotional and cognitive information.
  • Helps with error detection, motivation, and self-monitoring.
  • Dysfunction may lead to problems with emotion regulation and goal-directed behavior.

🧠 Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC)
  • Evaluates reward vs. risk: Should I eat this? Is this good or bad?
  • Dysfunction can contribute to poor judgment, impulsivity, or obsessionality.

🧠 Subgenual Cortex (BA25)
  • Deep brain area strongly linked to depression.
  • Overactivity here is common in people with major depressive disorder.
  • Targeted indirectly via DLPFC stimulation—calming this region can improve mood, motivation, and sleep.

🧠 Broca’s Area (BA44/45)
  • Responsible for turning thought into speech.
  • Supports verbal fluency and expressive language.

Executive Function Center

The Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC)

The DLPFC is a noteworthy area within the frontal lobe. As the most recently evolved part of the brain, it fully develops in adulthood (around ages 20-24). Unlike other regions, the DLPFC doesn’t directly process sensory inputs or control motor functions. Instead, it serves as an association cortex, bridging sensory inputs and motor outputs.

Key Functions of the DLPFC

• Pausing and Choosing Actions: Facilitates deliberate decision-making.

• Working Memory: Holds and manipulates information temporarily.

• Planning and Action Sequencing: Organizes steps to achieve specific goals.

Injury or underdevelopment of the DLPFC can lead to difficulties in working memory, sequencing tasks, cognitive flexibility, self-control, attention, and overall executive function.

This part of the brain does not receive sensory information from the eyes or the ears, and it does not send motor commands to the muscles. It is the Association cortex that bridges the input and output. This is the part of the brain involved with pausing and choosing actions (Fuster 1990), holding infomation in mind aka Working Memory, (Goldman-Rakic 2006) planning and action sequencing.


Injury or lack of development of this area causes problems with Working Memory, Sequencing, Flexibility, Self Control, Attention & Executive Function.


It is this part of the brain that is targeted for stimulation in repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS).

Subregions of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) are highlighted with distinct colors, including Brodmann Area 25 (subgenual cortex) shown in red. This region is often hyperactive in depression and is a primary target for neuromodulation therapies. Figure and caption adapted from Mayberg, 2009.
Illustration of rTMS-induced modulation of brain networks in depression. The diagram shows how stimulation of the left DLPFC can normalize activity in the anterior cingulate cortex, subgenual region (BA25), limbic structures, and other regions implicated in mood regulation. Restoring these connections is thought to underlie the clinical benefits of TMS. (Adapted from Anderson et al., 2016, “Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment resistant depression: Re-establishing connections.”)

This part of the brain has fascinated me (Rustin Berlow, MD) for more than 20 years, when it was chosen as the target for rTMS stimulation treatment it felt very validating. Don’t believe me? try these URLs:

Stimulating the DLPFC to Improve Depression with TMS

Targeting the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) with brain stimulation has been shown to improve symptoms of depression. This region was specifically chosen because of its strong connections to deeper brain structures involved in mood regulation—especially the Subgenual Anterior Cingulate Cortex (BA25).

Research has found that hyperactivity in the Subgenual Cortex is consistently associated with major depressive disorder (Mayberg et al., 1999; Drevets, 1997). This area is closely linked to the Ventral Striatum (including the Nucleus Accumbens, a key reward center) and the Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC), which helps evaluate outcomes and emotional significance.

When the DLPFC is activated, it exerts top-down inhibitory control over the overactive Subgenual region. This helps restore balance in the brain’s mood circuitry—leading to improvements in mood, motivation, sleep, concentration, memory, and the return of pleasure in daily activities.

When repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is applied to the left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC), it doesn’t just activate that region—it helps re-establish healthy connections across the brain’s mood regulation network.

In treatment-resistant depression, brain circuits involving the DLPFC, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), subgenual cortex (BA25), and limbic structures such as the amygdala and hippocampus often become disconnected or imbalanced. The therapeutic goal of rTMS is to restore the flow of information across these disrupted pathways—especially between the DLPFC and the subcortical regions involved in emotion and motivation.

This process is visualized in the diagram, which illustrates how TMS stimulation of the DLPFC can influence deeper brain areas through both direct and indirect connections—supporting improved mood, attention, memory, and emotional regulation.

The Core Role of the DLPFC

Executive Function

The Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) plays a central role in what neuroscientists call executive function—the brain’s ability to control thoughts, emotions, and actions. It’s not just important. It’s very important.

You can think of executive function with this simple formula:

E = S + WM + Cf

  • Self-control (S): the aspect of inhibitory control that involves resisting temptations and not acting impulsively or prematurely.
  • Working memory (WM): holding information in mind and mentally working with it (e.g., relating one thing to another, using information to solve a problem).
  • Cognitive flexibility (Cf): changing perspectives or approaches to a problem, flexibly adjusting to new demands, rules, or priorities (as in switching between tasks).

Self-Control (S)

✋ Self-Control: The Power to Pause and Choose

Self-control means being able to regulate your attention, behavior, thoughts, and emotions, especially when faced with strong urges or temptations. It’s the ability to choose what’s best in the long run—even when your short-term emotions are pulling you in a different direction.

Without self-control, we’re driven by impulses and habits. We act on autopilot:

  • Someone pushes a button—we react.
  • We feel an urge—we follow it.
  • We see a distraction—we chase it.

But self-control creates space. A pause. And in that pause lies power.

🧠 Inhibition: The Brain’s Internal Brake Pedal

In neuroscience, inhibitory control is the ability to suppress automatic or habitual responses. It lets us override reflexes, resist distractions, and choose our response, rather than being ruled by fleeting emotions or urges.

This is a core function of the DLPFC.

In fact, there are neurons in the DLPFC that do something remarkable:

  • One set fires in response to what just happened.
  • Another set fires in anticipation of what might happen next.

Learning to pause between those two activations—between stimulus and response—is where deliberation happens. It’s where we stop to ask:

“Is this really how I want to respond?”

🍬 Delayed Gratification and the Marshmallow Test

This kind of control was famously tested in the Stanford Marshmallow Experiment led by psychologist Walter Mischel. Children were offered a choice:

  • One marshmallow now…
  • Or two marshmallows if they could wait 15 minutes.

Some children couldn’t resist. Others waited.

The surprising part? When Mischel followed up years later, the children who waited:

  • Had higher SAT scores
  • Were more social and confident
  • Had better stress management
  • Were less likely to struggle with addiction
  • Had more satisfying careers and relationships

The ability to delay gratification predicted success across many areas of life.

🔁 Rewiring the Brain for Better Self-Control

When the DLPFC is underactive—due to stress, illness, or underdevelopment—self-control weakens. People may act impulsively, struggle with addiction, or have trouble focusing.

But when the DLPFC is stimulated and strengthened, either through:

  • Brain stimulation (like rTMS),
  • Mindfulness practices,
  • Or cognitive training…

…then self-control improves.

People find it easier to resist temptation, make thoughtful choices, break old habits, and live in alignment with their values.

Working Memory (WM)

🧠 Working Memory: Holding and Using Information in Real Time

Working Memory (WM) is your brain’s ability to hold information temporarily and actively work with it—a mental workspace that supports reasoning, problem-solving, and learning. It’s what allows you to:

  • Keep a phone number in your mind while dialing
  • Follow multi-step instructions
  • Understand how events connect over time

This essential cognitive skill is powered largely by the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC).

📖 Two Types of Working Memory

Research (Baddeley & Hitch, 1994; Smith & Jonides, 1999) identifies two key types of working memory:

  • Verbal WM – for words, language, and numbers
  • Spatial WM – for positions, shapes, and visual-spatial relationships

Both types are crucial for connecting past, present, and future, for recognizing cause and effect, and for making sense of complex information.

🗂️ How the DLPFC Supports Thought Integration

The DLPFC sits just in front and above Broca’s Area, the brain’s center for speech production. These two regions work closely:

  • Broca’s Area helps us express ideas clearly through language
  • The DLPFC helps us organize, relate, and refine those ideas internally

The DLPFC creates mental space for other regions to combine, compare, and contrast information. This is what allows us to:

  • Organize tasks and steps toward a goal
  • See how different ideas relate
  • Plan ahead and complete projects from beginning to end

🎨 The Role of Working Memory in Creativity

Working memory is essential not only for logic and planning but also for creativity and appreciation of the arts. Whether you’re:

  • Writing a poem,
  • Playing music,
  • Reading a novel,
  • Or interpreting a painting…

You’re using your working memory to connect details, understand structure, and imagine what comes next. Without strong WM, it becomes harder to:

  • See the big picture
  • Recognize patterns
  • Understand how the parts form a meaningful whole

🚧 When Working Memory Fails

When the DLPFC is underdeveloped or underactive, working memory suffers. People may:

  • Struggle to follow conversations
  • Lose track of tasks
  • Miss connections between ideas
  • Feel overwhelmed by complex information

This is common in conditions like ADHD, depression, and traumatic brain injury—all of which have been linked to frontal lobe dysfunction.

💪 Strengthening Working Memory

The good news? Working memory can be trained and improved.

  • Meditation and attentional training have been shown to enhance DLPFC function.
  • Brain stimulation techniques, like rTMS, can help strengthen the DLPFC, leading to measurable improvements in WM.

As the DLPFC becomes more active and better connected, people often experience:

  • A wider perspective
  • Sharper focus
  • Greater creativity
  • And improved learning capacity

Cognitive Flexibility (Cf)

🔄 Flexible Thinking: Seeing Things in New Ways

Flexible Thinking is the third core skill of executive function—and it tends to develop later than self-control and working memory (Davidson et al., 2006; Garon et al., 2008). This ability allows us to shift perspectives, try new approaches, and adjust when circumstances change.

 

You use flexible thinking when you ask:

  • “What would this look like in blue?”
  • “What if I moved the couch over there?”
  • “Help me understand this from your point of view.”

 

It’s about setting aside your current way of thinking and constructing a new mental approach, often using working memory as a space to do that. Importantly, to shift perspectives, you also have to inhibit your default responses—so flexible thinking depends on both self-control and working memory.

💡 Trying Something New

You’ve heard the saying:

“If at first you don’t succeed, try and try again.”

 

But flexible thinking adds a key twist:

“…but don’t do it the same way—try something different.”

Problem-solving often requires thinking outside the box—imagining new possibilities or combining old ideas in novel ways.

 

Being mentally flexible helps us:

  • Adapt to new situations
  • Apologize when needed
  • Change plans when things go wrong

🧠 The Stroop Task: Testing Flexibility in Action

 

One classic measure of flexible thinking is the Stroop task. Imagine this:

  • You see the word “RED,” but it’s printed in blue ink.
  • You’re asked to name the color of the ink—not the word.

 

This task forces you to inhibit your automatic response (reading the word) and instead use working memory to recall the instructions and shift your response. It slows us down because it creates a mental conflict—one that flexible thinkers are better equipped to navigate.

 

Doing one thing, then switching to another, is called task switching, and it’s a key feature of cognitive flexibility.

🧪 Discovery and Invention Require Flexibility

 

Some of the world’s most important breakthroughs happened because someone thought differently:

  • When Alexander Fleming noticed mold growing near his strep cultures, he didn’t throw it out. He connected the dots and discovered penicillin, the world’s first antibiotic.
  • An inventor named Anatole was frustrated in the shower—one hand on soap, one on the faucet. That moment of frustration led to his invention of a shower handle that adjusts both hot and cold water at once.

 

Flexible thinking allows us to spot patterns, reframe problems, and invent better solutions.

👁️ Perception and Perspective: Can You See It?

Some visual illusions challenge us to see more than one perspective:

  • In one image, can you see both black and white arrows?
  • In another, do you see a goblet or two faces?
  • In a third, how many interpretations can you find?

 

These ambiguous figures challenge our brain to let go of the obvious and explore alternative interpretations—a mental skill that overlaps with cognitive flexibility.

⚠️ What Happens When Flexibility Fails?

 

When the DLPFC is underactive or hasn’t been trained, flexible thinking tends to suffer. People may:

  • Get stuck in routines
  • Struggle to change perspective
  • React rigidly to new challenges

 

While self-control and working memory tend to improve significantly with brain stimulation, the impact on flexible thinking is less consistent—at least in clinical experience.

 

“In my experience, stimulating and strengthening the DLPFC greatly improves self-control and working memory. However, it doesn’t always enhance flexible thinking to the same degree—though I haven’t formally measured this. Still, I’ve seen patients go from struggling in school to excelling, from attention deficits to focused clarity, and from impulsive behavior to thoughtful response. Your mileage may vary.”

Recent Articles on Executive Function

Click on any title below to explore or download.

For Those Who Need or Want To Know More

Mapping the Brain: From Primitive Reflex to Higher Thought

The term Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex can be broken down into its anatomical roots:

• Dorsal = Upper part

• Lateral = To the side

• Prefrontal = The front region of the frontal lobe, receiving input from the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (Woolsey, 1947)

• Cortex = Latin for “bark”—the outer layer of the brain, made of gray matter, or brain cells, in contrast to the white matter (axon tracts) underneath

Flechsig’s Contribution: Development Reflects Evolution

Over a century ago, German psychiatrist Paul Flechsig (1847–1929) made a fascinating discovery. He observed that the myelination of the cerebral cortex—the process by which neurons become coated in an insulating layer to speed up communication—didn’t happen all at once. Instead, it occurred in a specific sequence, and that sequence reflected the evolutionary development of the brain.

• First to develop: Areas shared with primitive mammals, like motor and sensory regions for the face, arms, and legs

• Last to develop: The prefrontal cortex, responsible for advanced functions like planning, memory, intelligence, and creativity

These late-myelinating areas are the ones that make us most uniquely human.

Mapping Function with Numbered Regions

Flechsig created one of the earliest maps of the brain, assigning numbers to these regions—from area 1 to 45. His work overlapped and aligned with the later anatomical divisions made by Korbinian Brodmann, whose Brodmann areas (BAs) are still used today in neuroscience and neuroimaging.

Two regions stand out in both maps:

• Flechsig #45 / Brodmann areas 9 & 46 – the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC)

• Flechsig #45 / Brodmann area 10 – the Frontal Pole

These areas—especially the DLPFC—have since become focal points for understanding cognition, emotion, and psychiatric treatment.

 

 

🔬 A Century of Study

In the 100 years since Flechsig’s work, the prefrontal cortex has been studied extensively. It is now recognized as essential for:

• Executive function

• Self-control

• Planning and sequencing

• Social behavior

• Abstract thinking

• Moral judgment

It is also one of the main targets for brain stimulation therapies like rTMS, especially when treating depression, ADHD, and cognitive disorders.

Development of white matter in the right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) during childhood and adolescence. This graph shows a positive correlation between age and fractional anisotropy (FA) values—a marker of white matter integrity—in the right DLPFC. As children grow, the increasing FA values reflect ongoing myelination and structural maturation of this brain region. This slow development is consistent with the DLPFC’s role in higher-order executive functions, which continue to strengthen into early adulthood. Adapted from Barnea-Goraly et al., 2005.
The role of the left DLPFC in modulating pain-related brain circuits. This diagram illustrates how the left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) exerts top-down control over pain perception. Increased DLPFC activity is associated with decreased pain unpleasantness, as shown in the upper right graph. The bottom right graph reveals how DLPFC activity influences the functional connectivity between the midbrain and the medial thalamus—two regions involved in processing the emotional dimension of pain. These findings suggest that stimulating the DLPFC can help dampen pain-related emotional responses by disrupting the flow of unpleasant affect from the midbrain to the thalamus, offering important insights into how DLPFC-targeted therapies like rTMS may improve symptoms in depression, chronic pain, and emotional dysregulation. Adapted from Casey, Lorenz, & Minoshima, 2003.

A Map of Higher Human Function

Understanding how the brain supports our thoughts, choices, emotions, and behaviors begins with its structure. The image above shows a cytoarchitectonic map of the frontal lobe, based on Brodmann’s areas (BAs) and refined through decades of anatomical and functional research.

Key regions include:

• DLPFC (BAs 9, 46, 9/46): Executive function, attention, working memory, inhibition

• Frontal Pole (BA10): Higher-level thinking, future planning, narrative construction

• Anterior Cingulate Cortex (BAs 24, 32): Emotion regulation, motivation, self-monitoring

• Orbitofrontal Cortex (BAs 11, 47/12): Decision-making, reward, and social behavior

• Subgenual Cingulate (BA25): Mood regulation, sleep, appetite—often hyperactive in depression

• Broca’s Area (BAs 44, 45): Speech and expressive language

 

This structural map reflects not just brain anatomy but how functions are distributed across regions. For example, in patients experiencing heat allodynia (a painful response to normally non-painful warmth), increased activity in the left DLPFC was negatively correlated with how unpleasant the pain felt.

What does this mean? When the DLPFC was more active, participants reported less pain unpleasantness. As shown in the study by Casey, Lorenz & Minoshima (2003), this effect was likely due to reduced signaling from the midbrain to the medial thalamus—areas deeply involved in the emotional coloring of pain.

In simple terms:

The DLPFC acts like a volume knob, dialing down how strongly the brain reacts to negative stimuli—not by erasing the signal, but by modulating its emotional impact.

This insight has major implications for treatment:

• In depression, where regions like BA25 are often overactive, stimulating the DLPFC can reduce this overactivity.

• In chronic pain, enhancing DLPFC function can decrease the emotional suffering tied to physical sensations.

• In executive dysfunction (e.g., ADHD, brain injury), DLPFC support can restore working memory, attention, and impulse control.

Development of white matter in the right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) during childhood and adolescence. This graph shows a positive correlation between age and fractional anisotropy (FA) values—a marker of white matter integrity—in the right DLPFC. As children grow, the increasing FA values reflect ongoing myelination and structural maturation of this brain region. This slow development is consistent with the DLPFC’s role in higher-order executive functions, which continue to strengthen into early adulthood. Adapted from Barnea-Goraly et al., 2005.

With tools like rTMS, tDCS, and cognitive training, we now have the ability to modulate and strengthen the DLPFCdirectly. This isn’t just theoretical—it’s grounded in structural maps, real-time brain imaging, and decades of clinical data.

As we continue learning how each region of the prefrontal cortex contributes to who we are, we’re also discovering new ways to heal the brain, restore function, and empower human potential.

What does this mean? When the DLPFC was more active, participants reported less pain unpleasantness. As shown in the study by Casey, Lorenz & Minoshima (2003), this effect was likely due to reduced signaling from the midbrain to the medial thalamus—areas deeply involved in the emotional coloring of pain.

In simple terms:

The DLPFC acts like a volume knob, dialing down how strongly the brain reacts to negative stimuli—not by erasing the signal, but by modulating its emotional impact.

This insight has major implications for treatment:

• In depression, where regions like BA25 are often overactive, stimulating the DLPFC can reduce this overactivity.

• In chronic pain, enhancing DLPFC function can decrease the emotional suffering tied to physical sensations.

• In executive dysfunction (e.g., ADHD, brain injury), DLPFC support can restore working memory, attention, and impulse control.

Recent Articles on the Recent Papers on the topic of DLPFC

  1. Distinct Causal Influences of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and Posterior Parietalcortex in Multiple-Option Decision Making.
  2. Corrigendum to: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex response to negative tweets relates to executive functioning.
  3. The Role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for Speech and Language Processing.
  4. GABA concentrations in the anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal  cortices: Associations with chronic cigarette smoking, neurocognition, and decision making.
  5. dorsolateral prefrontal  Functional Connectivity Predicts Working Memory Training Gains.
  6. Independent Contributions of dorsolateral prefrontal  Structure and Function to Working Memory in Healthy Older Adults.
  7. Age-related decline in visuo-spatial working memory is reflected by dorsolateral prefrontal  activation and cognitive capabilities.
  8. The interaction between cannabis use and a CB1-related polygenic co-expression index modulates dorsolateral prefrontal  activity during working memory processing.
  9. Effects of β-Lactolin on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex  during Working Memory Task in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
  10. Effects of blocking mGluR5 on primate dorsolateral prefrontal  cortical neuronal firing and working memory performance.
  11. Mindfulness training preserves sustained attention and resting state anticorrelation between default-mode network and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex : A randomized controlled trial.
  12. The role of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex  in attentional bias.
  13. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex  response to negative tweets relates to executive functioning.
  14. The Ventral Part of Dorsolateral Frontal Area 8A Regulates Visual Attentional Selection and the Dorsal Part Auditory Attentional Selection.
  15. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex  bridges bilateral primary somatosensory cortices during cross-modal working memory.
  16. Distinguishing the Roles of Dorsolateral and Anterior PFC in Visual Metacognition.
  1. The role of thedorsolateraland ventromedial prefrontalcortexin emotion regulation in females with major depressive disorder (MDD): A tDCS study.
  2. dorosolateral prefrontal cortexand amygdala function during cognitive reappraisal predicts weight restoration and emotion regulation impairment in anorexia nervosa.
  3. Self-compassion anddorosolateral prefrontal cortexactivity during sad self-face recognition in depressed adolescents.
  4. Case Report: Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation todorosolateral prefrontal Cortexand AuditoryCortexin a Patient With Tinnitus and Depression.
  5. Updated scalp heuristics for localizing  the dorosolateral prefrontal cortexbased on convergent evidence of lesion and brain stimulation studies in depression.
  6. Gut microbiome diversity mediates the association between rightdorosolateral prefrontal cortexand anxiety level.
  7. Individual interregional perfusion between the leftdorosolateral prefrontal cortexstimulation targets and the subgenual anteriorcortexpredicts response and remission to aiTBS treatment in medication-resistant depression: The influence of behavioral inhibition.
  8. The role of ventromedial anddorosolateral prefrontal cortexin attention and interpretation biases in individuals with general anxiety disorder (GAD): A tDCS study.
  9. Enhanced Temporal Coupling between Thalamus anddorosolateral prefrontal CortexMediates Chronic Low Back Pain and Depression.
  10. Effects of Mindfulness Training on Emotion Regulation in Patients With Depression: Reduceddorosolateral prefrontal CortexActivation Indexes Early Beneficial Changes.
  11. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of  the dorosolateral prefrontal CortexAlters Emotional Modulation of Spinal Nociception.
  12. Improving Emotion Regulation Through Real-Time Neurofeedback Training on the Rightdorosolateral prefrontal Cortex: Evidence From Behavioral and Brain Network Analyses.
  13. Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) delivered viadorosolateral prefrontal cortexon central post-stroke pain and depression: a case report.
  14. The role ofdorsolateraland ventromedial prefrontalcortexin the processing of emotional dimensions.
  15. Influence of theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation over  the dorosolateral prefrontal cortexon emotion processing in healthy volunteers.
  16. Relationship between depression anddorsolateralprefronto-thalamic tract injury in patients with mild traumatic brain injury.
  17. Anxiety and Stress Alter Decision-Making Dynamics and Causal Amygdala-dorosolateral prefrontal CortexCircuits During Emotion Regulation in Children.
  18. Cognitive framing modulates emotional processing throughdorosolateral prefrontal cortexand ventrolateral prefrontalcortexnetworks: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study.
  19. Repeated transcranial direct current stimulation ofdorsolateral-prefrontalcorteximproves executive functions, cognitive reappraisal emotion regulation, and control over emotional processing in borderline personality disorder: A randomized, sham-controlled, parallel-group study.
  20. The interaction between OXTR rs2268493 and perceived maternal care is associated with amygdala-dorosolateral prefrontal  effective connectivity during explicit emotion processing.
  21. Study ondorosolateral prefrontal CortexNeurochemical Metabolite Levels of Patients with Major Depression Using H-MRS Technique.
  22. A role for the rightdorosolateral prefrontal cortexin enhancing regulation of both craving and negative emotions in internet gaming disorder: A randomized trial.
  23. A case series of a novel 1 Hz right-sideddorosolateral prefrontal  cortex rTMS protocol in major depression.
  24. Brain oscillation-synchronized stimulation of the leftdorosolateral prefrontal  cortex in depression using real-time EEG-triggeredTMS.
  25. dorosolateral prefrontal  γ-aminobutyric acid in patients with treatment-resistant depression after transcranial magnetic stimulation measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
  26. Inhibitory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of  the dorosolateral prefrontal  cortex modulates early affective processing.
  27. dorosolateral prefrontal  transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with major depression locally affects alpha power of REM sleep.
  28. Imbalance between left and rightdorosolateral prefrontal  cortex in major depression is linked to negative emotional judgment: an fMRI study in severe major depressive disorder.
  29. Regional cerebral blood flow changes after low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation of the rightdorosolateral prefrontal  cortex in treatment-resistant depression.
  30. Left dorso-lateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation affects cortical excitability and functional connectivity, but does not impair cognition in major depression.
  1. Relationship between plasma clozapine/N-desmethylclozapine and changes in basal forebrain- dorsol lateral prefrontal cortex coupling in treatment-resistant schizophrenia.
  2. Expansion of Schizophrenia Gene Network Knowledge Using Machine Learning Selected Signals From dorsol lateral prefrontal cortex and Amygdala RNA-seq Data.
  3. Differential Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor-1 Protein Expression in  the dorsol lateral prefrontal cortex Between Schizophrenia Type 1 and Type 2.
  4. Unusual Molecular Regulation of dorsol lateral prefrontal cortex Layer III Synapses Increases Vulnerability to Genetic and Environmental Insults in Schizophrenia.
  5. N-Methyl-d-Aspartate receptor and inflammation in dorsol lateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia.
  6. Mechanisms underlying dorsol lateral prefrontal cortex contributions to cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.
  7. Gene expression in  the dorsol lateraland ventromedial prefrontal cortices implicates immune-related gene networks in PTSD.
  8. Increased resting-state brain entropy of parahippocampal gyrus and dorsol lateral prefrontal cortex in manic and euthymic adolescent bipolar disorder.
  9. Transcriptional Alterations in dorsol lateral prefrontal cortex and Nucleus Accumbens Implicate Neuroinflammation and Synaptic Remodeling in Opioid Use Disorder.
  10. Absence of altered in vivo concentration of dorsol lateral prefrontal cortex GABA in recent onset schizophrenia.
  11. Dysregulation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in  the dorsol lateral prefrontal cortex in elderly patients with schizophrenia.
  12. Alterations of neurometabolism in  the dorsol lateral prefrontal cortex and thalamus in transition to psychosis patients change under treatment as usual – A two years follow-up 1H/31P-MR-spectroscopy study.
  13. dorsol lateral prefrontal cortex and Subcallosal Cingulate Connectivity Show Preferential Antidepressant Response in Major Depressive Disorder.
  14. SMAD4 protein is decreased in  the dorsol  lateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices in schizophrenia.
  15. Cell-Type-Specific Transcriptomic Analysis in  the dorsol lateral prefrontal cortex Reveals Distinct Mitochondrial Abnormalities in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder.
  16. dorsol lateral prefrontal cortex hyperactivity during inhibitory control in children with ADHD in the antisaccade task.
  17. Overexpression of complement component C4 in  the dorsol lateral prefrontal cortex , parietalcortex, superior temporal gyrus and associative striatum of patients with schizophrenia.
  18. Functional coupling of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor to Gαq/11 in dorsol lateral prefrontal cortex from patients with psychiatric disorders: a postmortem study.
  19. Higher levels of α7 nicotinic receptors, but not choline acetyltransferase, in  the dorsol lateral prefrontal cortex from a sub-group of patients with schizophrenia.
  20. MIR137polygenic risk is associated with schizophrenia and affects functional connectivity of  the dorsol lateral prefrontal cortex .
  21. Label-free proteomics differences in  the dorsol lateral prefrontal cortex between bipolar disorder patients with and without psychosis.
  22. Evaluation of short interval cortical inhibition and intracortical facilitation from  the dorsol  lateral prefrontal cortex in patients with schizophrenia.
  1. High-Frequency Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined With Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reveals Distinct Activation Patterns Associated With Different dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  Stimulation Sites.
  2. Enhancing Visuospatial Working Memory Performance Using Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation Over the Right dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  .
  3. Effects of repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation in the dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  versus motor cortex  in patients with neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: a study protocol.
  4. Alteration of gamma-aminobutyric acid in the left dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  of individuals with chronic insomnia: a combined transcranial magnetic stimulation-magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.
  5. Corrigendum to: “Effects of theta burst stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  in disorders of consciousness”.
  6. Efficacy of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  in Patients With Minimally Conscious State.
  7. Depressive symptoms reduce when dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  -precuneus connectivity normalizes after functional connectivity neurofeedback.
  8. Application of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  in Alzheimer’sDisease: A Pilot Study.
  9. Effect of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation at the Right dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  on the Cognitive Function in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: Comments on a Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial.
  10. Elevated ad libitum alcohol consumption following continuous theta burst stimulation to the left- dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  is partially mediated by changes in craving.
  11. Effect of Cognition Recovery by Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Ipsilesional dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  in Subacute Stroke Patients.
  12. Feasibility of training the  dorsolateral prefrontal  -striatal network by real-time fMRI neurofeedback.
  13. Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over the Right dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  on Fairness-Related Decision-Making.
  14. Magnetic resonance spectroscopic evidence of increased choline in the  dorsolateral prefrontal   and visual cortices in recent onset schizophrenia.
  15. Continuous theta-burst stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  disrupts fear memory reconsolidation in humans.
  16. High-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Over the Left dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  Shortly Alleviates Fatigue in Patients With Multiple System Atrophy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
  17. Transcranial direct current stimulation of bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  eliminates creativity impairment induced by acute stress.
  18. Initial performance modulates the effects of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the right dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  on inhibitory control.
  19. A novel approach for targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  for transcranial magnetic stimulation using a cognitive task.
  20. Left dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  Glx/tCr Predicts Efficacy of High Frequency 4- to 6-Week rTMS Treatment and Is Associated With Symptom Improvement in Adults With Major Depressive Disorder: Findings From a Pilot Study.
  21. Impact of Psychosocial Occupational Therapy Combined with Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to the Left dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  on the Cognitive Performance of Patients with Schizophrenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
  22. Low-beta repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to human dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  during object recognition memory sample presentation, at a task-related frequency observed in local field potentials in homologous macaque cortex  , impairs subsequent recollection but not familiarity.
  23. Correction to: Elevated ad libitum alcohol consumption following continuous theta burst stimulation to the left- dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  is partially mediated by changes in craving.
  24. Neuroimaging Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Task-Based dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  Activation Following 12 Weeks of Cosmos caudatus Supplementation Among Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment.
  25. MEG activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  during optic flow stimulations detects mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’sdisease.
  26. Correction: Stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  with slow rTMS enhances verbal memory formation.
  27. Multichannel anodal tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  in a paediatric population.
  28. Universal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Headset for targeting the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  : Towards facilitating broader adoption.
  29. Anodal tDCS effects over the left dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  (L-DLPFC) on the rating of facial expression: evidence for a gender-specific effect.
  30. Using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  to promote long-term foreign language vocabulary learning.
  31. dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  excitability abnormalities in Alzheimer’sDementia: Findings from transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography study.
  32. The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  on performing a sequential dual task: a randomized experimental study.
  33. Modulation of dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  Glutamate/Glutamine Levels Following Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Young Adults With Autism.
  34. Metabolic alterations of the dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  in sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.
  35. Post-training stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  impairs working memory training performance.
  36. Stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  with slow rTMS enhances verbal memory formation.
  37. Use of Fast Gamma Magnetic Stimulation Over the Left PrefrontalDorsolateral cortex  for the Treatment of MCI and Mild Alzheimer’sDisease: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study.
  38. Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  to Reduce the Symptoms of the Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.
  39. High-frequency rTMS over the dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  on chronic and provoked pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
  40. Repeated anodal high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  in mild cognitive impairment patients increased regional homogeneity in multiple brain regions.
  41. Modulation of Methamphetamine-Related Attention Bias by Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation on Left dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  .
  42. Comparing the Impact of Multi-Session Left  dorsolateral prefrontal   and Primary Motor cortex  Neuronavigated Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (nrTMS) on Chronic Pain Patients.
  43. Acute effects of a single dose of 2 mA of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  on executive functions in patients with schizophrenia-A randomized controlled trial.
  44. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  Modulates Electroencephalographic Functional Connectivity in Alzheimer’sDisease.
  45. Improvement of Impulsivity and Decision Making by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  in a Patient with Gambling Disorder.
  46. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation at dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  for migraine prevention: A protocol for a systematic review of controlled trials.
  47. Continuous theta-burst stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  impairs visuospatial working memory performance in medium load task.
  48. Transient Modulation of Working Memory Performance and Event-Related Potentials by Transcranial Static Magnetic Field Stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  .
  49. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Modulates Connectivity of Left dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  with Distributed Cortical Networks.
  50. Anodal tDCS over the dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  reduces Stroop errors. A comparison of different tasks and designs.
  51. Effects of combined theta burst stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  on stress.
  52. A double-blind sham-controlled phase 1 clinical trial of tDCS of the dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  in cocaine inpatients: Craving, sleepiness, and contemplation to change.
  53. Transcranial magnetic stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  modulates visuospatial distractor suppression.
  54. The effect of high-frequency rTMS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  on the resolution of response, semantic and task conflict in the colour-word Stroop task.
  55. Null Effect of Transcranial Static Magnetic Field Stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  on Behavioral Performance in a Go/NoGo Task.
  56. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to the Left dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  Improves Cognitive Control in Patients With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Behavioral and Neurophysiological Study.
  57. Transcranial direct current stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  improves response inhibition.
  58. No Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over Left dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  on Temporal Attention.
  59. Functional and Structural Connectivity Between the Left dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  and Insula Could Predict the Antidepressant Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.
  60. High-Frequency and Low-Intensity Patterned Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation over Left dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  as Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Report of 3 Cases.
  61. Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation-Induced Effects Over the Right dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  : Differences in the Task Types of Task Switching.
  62. Using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation to investigate the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  in explicit sequence learning.
  63. Single-Pulse TMS to the Temporo-Occipital and dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  Evokes Lateralized Long Latency EEG Responses at the Stimulation Site.
  64. Effects of 10 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  in the vegetative state.
  65. Transcranial direct current stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  has distinct effects on choices involving risk and ambiguity.
  66. Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation Over the dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  (DLPFC) in Healthy Subjects Produces No Cumulative Effect on Cortical Excitability.
  67. Effectiveness of Unihemispheric Concurrent Dual-Site Stimulation over M1 and dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  Stimulation on Pain Processing: A Triple Blind Cross-Over Control Trial.
  68. Functional Effects of Bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  Modulation During Sequential Decision-Making: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study With Offline Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation.
  69. Transcranial direct current stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  improves dual-task gait performance in patients with Parkinson’sdisease: A double blind, sham-controlled study.
  70. Glutamate in the dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Meta-analysis of 1H-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Studies.
  71. The effect of tDCS applied to the dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  on cycling performance and the modulation of exercise induced pain.
  72. Single-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Evoked Potential Amplitudes and Latencies in the Motor and dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  among Young, Older Healthy Participants, and Schizophrenia Patients.
  73. Verbal Fluency in Mild Alzheimer’sDisease: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  .
  74. Corrigendum to “Repeated stimulation of thedorsolateral-prefrontal cortex  improves executive dysfunctions and craving in drug addiction: A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study” [Brain Stimul 13 (3) (2020) 582-593].
  75. A multimodal study of the effects of tDCS on  dorsolateral prefrontal   and temporo-parietal areas during dichotic listening.
  76. Involvement of the Right dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  in Numerical Rule Induction: A Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Study.
  77. Bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  High-Definition Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation Improves Time-Trial Performance in Elite Cyclists.
  78. Training negative connectivity patterns between the dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  and amygdala through fMRI-based neurofeedback to target adolescent socially-avoidant behaviour.
  79. A Randomized Sham-controlled Trial of 1-Hz and 10-Hz Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) of the Right dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  in Civilian Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Un essai randomisé contrôlé simulé de stimulation magnétique transcrânienne repetitive (SMTr) de 1 Hz et 10 Hz du cortex  préfrontaldorsolatéraldroit dans le trouble de stress post-traumatique chez des civils.
  80. dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  and Task-Switching Performance: Effects of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation.
  81. Non-immersive 3D virtual stimulus alter the time production task performance and increase the EEG theta power in dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  .
  82. M2 cortex  -dorsolateralstriatum stimulation reverses motor symptoms and synaptic deficits in Huntington’sdisease.
  83. Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over the dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  (PFC) on Cognitive-Motor Dual Control Skills.
  84. Theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation induced functional connectivity changes between dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  and default-mode-network.
  85. Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation over Right dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  in Parkinson’sDisease.
  86. Individual Baseline Performance and Electrode Montage Impact on the Effects of Anodal tDCS Over the Left dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  .
  87. Neither Cathodal nor Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on the Left dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  alone or Applied During Moderate Aerobic Exercise Modulates Executive Function.
  88. Two weeks of image-guided left dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves smoking cessation: A double-blind, sham-controlled, randomized clinical trial.
  89. Causal Role of the Right dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  in Organizational Fairness Perception: Evidence From a Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Study.
  90. Protocol for a controlled, randomized, blind, clinical trial to assess the effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  associated with balance training using games in the postural balance of older people.
  91. Assessing the Effects of Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation Over the dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  on Human Cognition: A Systematic Review.
  92. Intermittent theta burst stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  accelerates visuomotor adaptation with delayed feedback.
  93. Effect of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation at the Right dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  on the Cognitive Function in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial.
  94. Comparing the effects of multi-session anodal trans-cranial direct current stimulation of primary motor and  dorsolateral prefrontal   cortices on fatigue and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis: a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial.
  95. Resting-state and task-based centrality of dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  predict resilience to 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
  96. Examining theDorsolateraland Ventromedial Prefrontal cortex  Involvement in the Self-Attention Network: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled, Parallel Group, Double-Blind, and Multichannel HD-tDCS Study.
  97. A sham-controlled trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over left dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  and its effects on craving in patients with alcohol dependence.
  98. Antidepressive effect of left dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  neurofeedback in patients with major depressive disorder: A preliminary report.
  99. Stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex  impacts conflict resolution in Level-1 visual perspective taking.
  100. High-Frequency Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined With Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reveals Distinct Activation Patterns Associated With Different  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   Stimulation Sites.
  101. Elevated ad libitum alcohol consumption following continuous theta burst stimulation to the left-  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   is partially mediated by changes in craving.
  102. Low-beta repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to human  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   during object recognition memory sample presentation, at a task-related frequency observed in local field potentials in homologous macaque  cortex  , impairs subsequent recollection but not familiarity.
  103.   dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   excitability abnormalities in Alzheimer’s Dementia: Findings from transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography study.
  104. Stimulation of the left  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   with slow rTMS enhances verbal memory formation.
  105. High-frequency rTMS over the  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   on chronic and provoked pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
  106. Transcranial magnetic stimulation over the right  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   modulates visuospatial distractor suppression.
  107. The effect of high-frequency rTMS of the left  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   on the resolution of response, semantic and task conflict in the colour-word Stroop task.
  108. Single-PulseTMSto the Temporo-Occipital and  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   Evokes Lateralized Long Latency EEG Responses at the Stimulation Site.
  109. Single-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Evoked Potential Amplitudes and Latencies in the Motor and  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   among Young, Older Healthy Participants, and Schizophrenia Patients.
  110. Theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation induced functional connectivity changes between  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   and default-mode-network.
  111. Two weeks of image-guided left  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves smoking cessation: A double-blind, sham-controlled, randomized clinical trial.
  112. Resting-state and task-based centrality of  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   predict resilience to 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
  113. Stimulation of the  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   impacts conflict resolution in Level-1 visual perspective taking.
  114. Induced Suppression of the Left  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   Favorably Changes Interhemispheric Communication During Bimanual Coordination in Older Adults-A Neuronavigated rTMS Study.
  115. Twice-Daily Theta Burst Stimulation of the  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   Reduces Methamphetamine Craving: A Pilot Study.
  116. Intranetwork and Internetwork Effects of Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Using Low- and High-Frequency Pulse Application to the  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex  : A Combined rTMS-fMRI Approach.
  117. Subcortical Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation (iTBS) Increases Theta-Power in  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   (DLPFC).
  118. RepetitiveTMSover the left  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   modulates the error positivity: An ERP study.
  119. More subjects are required for ventrolateral than  dorsolateral prefrontal  TMSbecause of intolerability and potential drop-out.
  120. Altered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Electroencephalographic Markers of Inhibition and Excitation in the  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   in Major Depressive Disorder.
  121. High frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the left  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   modulates sensorimotor  cortex   function in the transition to sustained muscle pain.
  122. Continuous Theta Burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Right  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   Impairs Inhibitory Control and Increases Alcohol Consumption.
  123. Modulation of cortical responses by transcranial direct current stimulation of  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex  : A resting-state EEG andTMS-EEG study.
  124. Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex  .
  125. Evidence for the improvement of fatigue in fibromyalgia: A 4-week left  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation randomized-controlled trial.
  126. Network-wise cerebral blood flow redistribution after 20 Hz rTMS on left dorso-lateral prefrontal  cortex  .
  127. Single Session Low Frequency Left  dorsolateral prefrontal   Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Changes Neurometabolite Relationships in Healthy Humans.
  128. Possible Role of  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   in Error Awareness: Single-PulseTMSEvidence.
  129. Alcohol Impairs N100 Response to  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   Stimulation.
  130. Increased Low-Frequency Resting-State Brain Activity by High-Frequency RepetitiveTMSon the Left  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex  .
  131. Either at left or right, both high and low frequency rTMS of  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   decreases cue induced craving for methamphetamine.
  132. Demonstration of short-term plasticity in the  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   with theta burst stimulation: ATMS-EEG study.
  133. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   reduces resting-state insula activity and modulates functional connectivity of the orbitofrontal  cortex   in cigarette smokers.
  134. Characterization of the influence of age on GABAA and glutamatergic mediated functions in the  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   using paired-pulseTMS-EEG.
  135. Characterization of Glutamatergic and GABAA-Mediated Neurotransmission in Motor and  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   Using Paired-PulseTMS-EEG.
  136. The role of the  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   in early threat processing: aTMSstudy.
  137. A combinedTMS-EEG study of short-latency afferent inhibition in the motor and  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex  .
  138. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Left  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   Induces Brain Morphological Changes in Regions Associated with a Treatment Resistant Major Depressive Episode: An Exploratory Analysis.
  139. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   enhances working memory.
  140. Factors to consider when applying transcranial magnetic stimulation of  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   when resting motor threshold is asymmetric: A case study.
  141. Dissociation of the rostral and  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   during sequence learning in saccades: aTMSinvestigation.
  142. A Single Session of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Over the  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   in Patients With Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome: Preliminary Results.
  143. Continuous theta burst stimulation over the left  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   decreases medium load working memory performance in healthy humans.
  144. Cortical inhibition of distinct mechanisms in the  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   is related to working memory performance: aTMS-EEG study.
  145. Deception rate in a “lying game”: different effects of excitatory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of right and left  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   not found with inhibitory stimulation.
  146. The effects ofTMSover  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   on trans-saccadic memory of multiple objects.
  147. Stimulation in the  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   changes subjective evaluation of percepts.
  148. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   decreases cue-induced nicotine craving and EEG delta power.
  149. Processing of featural and configural aspects of faces is lateralized in  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex  : aTMSstudy.
  150.   dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex  , working memory and episodic memory processes: insight through transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques.
  151. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   reduces nicotine cue craving.
  152. Left  dorsolateral prefrontal   transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): sleep factor changes during treatment in patients with pharmacoresistant major depressive disorder.
  153. Endogenous opioids mediate left  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   rTMS-induced analgesia.
  154.   dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   transcranial magnetic stimulation and electrode implant for intractable tinnitus.
  155. Theta burst stimulation of  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   modulates pathological language switching: A case report.
  156. Optimal transcranial magnetic stimulation coil placement for targeting the  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   using novel magnetic resonance image-guided neuronavigation.
  157. Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over the  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   interferes with episodic encoding and retrieval for both verbal and non-verbal materials.
  158. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   (DLPFC) during capsaicin-induced pain: modulatory effects on motor  cortex   excitability.
  159. Using 3D-MRI to localize the  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   inTMSresearch.
  160. The contribution of the  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   in full and divided encoding: a paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation study.
  161. Exploring the optimal site for the localization of  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   in brain stimulation experiments.
  162. Human  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   is involved in visual search for conjunctions but not features: a thetaTMSstudy.
  163. rTMS of the left  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   modulates dopamine release in the ipsilateral anterior cingulate  cortex   and orbitofrontal  cortex  .
  164. Suppression of gamma-oscillations in the  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   following long interval cortical inhibition: aTMS-EEG study.
  165. Repeated high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation over the  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   reduces cigarette craving and consumption.
  166. Theta burst stimulation-induced inhibition of  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   reveals hemispheric asymmetry in striatal dopamine release during a set-shifting task: aTMS-[(11)C]raclopride PET study.
  167. Long-interval cortical inhibition from the  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex  : aTMS-EEG study.
  168. The effect of rTMS over left and rightdorsolateralpremotor  cortex   on movement timing of either hand.
  169.   dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex  : a possible target for modulating dyskinesias in Parkinson’s disease by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
  170. Inhibitory control of the human  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   during the anti-saccade paradigm–a transcranial magnetic stimulation study.
  171. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) applied to left  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   disrupts verbal working memory performance in humans.
  172. Antidepressant effects of high and low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex  : a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
  173. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   affects divided attention immediately after cessation of stimulation.
  174.   dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   prevents short-latency saccade and vergence: aTMSstudy.
  175. Cortico-cortical connectivity of the human mid-dorsolateralfrontal  cortex   and its modulation by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
  176. The left  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   and random generation of responses: studies with transcranial magnetic stimulation.
  177. The effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation over the  dorsolateral prefrontal    cortex   on suppression of habitual counting during random number generation.
  1. Blue light exposure increases functional connectivity between dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and multiple cortical regions.
  2. Opposing Roles of the Dorsolateral and Dorsomedial Striatum in the Acquisition of Skilled Action Sequencing in Rats.
  3. Perturbation of Right dorsolateral prefrontal Cortex Makes Power Holders Less Resistant to Tempting Bribes.
  4. Neural basis underlying the association between expressive suppression and procrastination: The mediation role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
  5. Offset analgesia is associated with opposing modulation of medial versus dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activations: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study.
  6. Is There Any Relationship Between Biochemical Indices and Anthropometric Measurements With dorsolateral prefrontal CortexActivation Among Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment?
  7. Fearful facial expressions reduce inhibition levels in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortexin subjects with specific phobia.
  8. Neural Activity Across the dorsolateral prefrontal Cortexand Risk for Suicidal Ideation and Self-Injury.
  9. Reduced neuronal population in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortexin infant macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV).
  10. Functional Connectivity inDorsolateralFrontalCortex: Intracranial Electroencephalogram Study.
  11. Retraction: 24-Hour Rhythms of DNA Methylation and Their Relation with Rhythms of RNA Expression in the Human dorsolateral prefrontal Cortex.
  12. Functional role of dorsolateral prefrontal cortexin the modulation of cognitive bias.
  13. Investigating Cortical Buffering Effects of Acute Moderate Intensity Exercise: A cTBS Study Targeting the Left dorsolateral prefrontal Cortex.
  14. 5-HT2A receptor- and M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated activation of Gαq/11 in postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortexof opiate addicts.
  15. The genie in the bottle-magnified calcium signaling in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
  16. Does injury of the thalamocortical connection between the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortexaffect motor recovery after cerebral infarct?
  17. Functional connectivity of dorsolateral prefrontal cortexpredicts cocaine relapse: implications for neuromodulation treatment.
  18. The impact of acute exercise on implicit cognitive reappraisal in association with leftdorsolateralprefronta activation: A fNIRS study.
  19. Cognitive behavioral based group psychotherapy focusing on repetitive negative thinking: Decreased uncontrollability of rumination is related to brain perfusion increases in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
  20. Publisher Correction: Transcriptome-scale spatial gene expression in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
  21. Differential and unique patterns of synaptic miRNA expression in dorsolateral prefrontal cortexof depressed subjects.
  22. Expression of Concern: 24-Hour Rhythms of DNA Methylation and Their Relation with Rhythms of RNA Expression in the Human dorsolateral prefrontal Cortex.
  23. A Causal Role for the Right dorsolateral prefrontal Cortexin Avoidance of Risky Choices and Making Advantageous Selections.
  24. Transcriptome-scale spatial gene expression in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
  25. Dissociating cognitive, behavioral and physiological stress-related responses through dorsolateral prefrontal cortexinhibition.
  26. dorsolateral prefrontal  circuit effective connectivity mediates the relationship between white matter structure and PASAT-3 performance in multiple sclerosis.
  27. Molecular pathology associated with altered synaptic transcriptome in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortexof depressed subjects.
  28. Visual responses in thedorsolateralfrontalcortexof marmoset monkeys.
  29. Methamphetamine seeking after prolonged abstinence is associated with activated projections from anterior intralaminar nucleus of thalamus todorsolateralstriatum in female rats.
  30. Laminar Differences in the Targeting of Dendritic Spines by Cortical Pyramidal Neurons and Interneurons in Human dorsolateral prefrontal Cortex.
  31. Causal Role of the dorsolateral prefrontal Cortexin Belief Updating under Uncertainty.
  32. Mapping Phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) in Macaque dorsolateral prefrontal Cortex: Postsynaptic Compartmentalization in Layer III Pyramidal Cell Circuits.
  33. DorsolateralStriatal proBDNF Improves Reversal Learning by Enhancing Coordination of Neural Activity in Rats.
  34. Objectively measured physical activity is associated with dorsolateral prefrontal cortexvolume in older adults.
  35. β-lactolin increases cerebral blood flow in dorsolateral prefrontal cortexin healthy adults: a randomized controlled trial.
  36. The superior frontal longitudinal tract: a connection between the dorsal premotor and the dorsolateral prefrontal  cortices.
  37. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex-based control with an implanted brain-computer interface.
  38. Context-dependency in the Cognitive Bias Task and Resting-state Functional Connectivity of the dorsolateral prefrontal Cortex.
  39. dorsolateral prefrontal CortexActivity during a Brain Training Game Predicts Cognitive Improvements after Four Weeks’ Brain Training Game Intervention: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial.
  40. Oxytocin modulates the effective connectivity between the precuneus and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
  41. Contribution of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortexactivation, ankle muscle activities, and coactivation during dual-tasks to postural steadiness: a pilot study.
  42. Dorsolateraland dorsomedial prefrontalcortextrack distinct properties of dynamic social behavior.
  43. Fearful facial expressions reduce inhibition levels in the dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex in subjects with specific phobia.
  44. Motor facilitation during observation of implied motion: Evidence for a role of the left dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex.
  45. Pharmacological Manipulation of Cortical Inhibition in the dorsolateral prefrontal  Cortex.
  46. Spike-timing-dependent plasticity in the human dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex.
  47. Dissociable Roles of dorsolateral prefrontal  Cortex and Frontal Eye Fields During Saccadic Eye Movements.
  48. Muscle and timing-specific functional connectivity between the dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex and the primary motor cortex.
  49. The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex in the inhibition of stereotyped responses.
  50. Disruption of the dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex facilitates the consolidation of procedural skills.
  51. The role of the human dorsolateral prefrontal  cortex in ocular motor behavior..